Berlatih & Belajar TOEFL Structure Focus & Reading

Table of Contents

1. ....... was backed up for miles on the freeway

• Yesterday
• In the morning
• Traffic
• Cars

2. Engineers ....... for work on the new space program

• necessary
• are needed
• hopefully
• next month

3. The boy ...... going to the movies with a friend

• he is
• he always was
• is relaxing
• will be

4. With his friend, ....... found the movie theater

• has
• he
• later
• when

5. ........, George, is attending the lecture

• Right now
• Happily
• Because of the time
• My friend

6. The child ...... playing in the yard is my son

• now
• is
• he
• was

7. The packages ..... mailed at the post office will arrive Monday

• have
• were
• them
• just

8. A power failure occured, ...... the lamps went out

• then
• so
• later
• next

9. ...... was late, I missed the appointment

• I
• Because
• The train
• Since he

10. You will get a good grarde on the exam provided ......

• studying
• study
• to study
• you study

11. ........ was late caused many problems

• That he
• The driver
• There
• Because

12. ...... was on television made me angry

• It
• The story
• What
• When

13. The gift ...... selected for the bride was rather expensive

• because
• was
• since
• which we

14. ........ is on the table has four sections

• The notebook
• The notebook which
• Because the notebook
• In the notebook

15. ......... on several different television programs, the witness gave conflicting accounts of what had happened

• He appeared
• Who appeared
• Appearing
• Appears

16. When ......, you are free to leave

• the finished report
• finished with the report
• the report
• is the report finished

17. The lawyer asked the client why ..... it

• did he do
• did he
• he did
• did

18. On the second level of the parking lot ......

• is empty
• are empty
• some empty stalls are
• are some empty stalls

19. Only in extremely dangerous situations ..... stopped

• will be the printing presses
• the printing presses will be
• that the printing presses will be
• will the printing presses be

20. The report would have been accepted ...... in checking its accuracy

• if more care
• more care had been taken
• had taken more care
• had more care been taken

21. The results of the current experiment appear to be more consistent than .... the results of any previous tests.

• them
• were
• they were
• were they

Pilih kata yang kurang tepat secara gramatikal (22 - 46)

22. Each number in a binary system are formed from only two symbols

• a binary
• are
• formed
• two symbols

23. Scientists at the medical center is trying to determine if there is a relationship between saccharine and cancer

• is trying
• to determine
• if
• saccharine

24. Fire extinguishers can contain liquefied gas, dry chemicals, or watery

• watery
• or
• can contain
• extinguishers

25. The U.S Congress consists of both the Senate as well as the House of Representives

• consists
• of
• the Senate
• as well as

26. Certain types of snakes have been known to survive fasts more as a year long

• Certain types
• have been known
• as
• more

27. The grizzly bear, which can grow up to eight feet tall, has been called a more dangerous animal of North America

• a more
• has been called
• up to eight feet
• which

28. Alice in Wonderland, first published in 1865, has since being translated into thirty

• has
• published
• being
• translated

29. The Peace Corps was establish on March 1, 1961, by then president John F. Kennedy.

• establish
• then
• was
• The Peace Corps

30. In several of his paintings, Edward Hicks depicted the Quaker farm in Pennsylvania where he spends his youth

• several of his paintings
• spends
• where
• his

31. Florida has become the twenty-seventh state in the United States on March 3, 1845

• in the
• state
• twenty-seventh
• has become

32. Particular issues that concern teenagers were covering in the half-hour program

• issues
• covering
• were
• concern

33. Electrical impulses may also picked up by the optic nerve

• may
• impulses
• by the optic
• picked

34. As a compilation of useful details, a weekly magazine commends itself in several respect

• useful details
• weekly
• itself
• respect

35. Through aquaculture, or fishi farming, more than 500 million tons of fish are produced each years

• million tons of fish
• are produced
• years
• more than

36. Superman made their comic debut in 1938 in Action Comics

• their
• in
• made
• Comics

37. Commercial letters of credit are often used to finance export trade, but them can have other uses

• often used
• other uses
• them
• export

38. Modern art is on display at the Guggenheim Museum, a building with an unusually design

• Modern art
• a building
• display
• unusually

39. By the beginning of the 1980s fifteen states had adopted already no-fault insurance laws

• adopted already
• insurance
• fault
• of the 1980s

40. As the only major American river that flowed in a west direction, the Ohio was the preferred route for settlers

• west
• flowed
• preferred
• the only

41. During the annually salmon migration from the sea to fresh water, Alaska's McNeil River becomes a gathering place for brown bears waiting eagerly to catch their fill

• eagerly
• gathering
• fresh
• annually

42. On a trip down to the bottom of the Grand Canyon, the equipment will in all probability be carried by a burros

• a trip down
• the bottom
• the Grand Canyon
• a

43. Ford designed the first large-scale assembly line at plant in Highland Park, Michigan.

• assembly
• Highland Park
• plant
• the first

44. Amelia Earhart, the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, disappeared on June 1937 while attempting to fly around the world

• the first
• across
• around
• on

45. The occurrence edema indicates the presence of a serious illness

• indicates
• occurence edema
• of
• illness

46. Pittsburgh has reduced its smog by requiring more complete oxidation of fuel in cars, and others cities can do the same thing

• do
• others
• its
• more

    Obsidian is a distinctive types of igneous rock that forms as a result of the melting of deep crystal granite rocks into magma. Because of the speed at which the magma cools, crytallization does not occur, and a solid, shiny, volcanic, glass-like rock results. Most commonly a solid, shiny black in color, obsidian can also take on a golden or silvery sheen or be striped in a rainbow of hues.

    Obsidian is generally found in small outcrops, though large masses of it can be found in a few notable locations. Two such sites are the giant Valleys Caldera in New Mexico, where the obsidian flows are hundreds of feet thick, and the Glass Buttes in Oregon, which are composed entirely of obsidian.

    Because of its properties, obsidian was prized in many ancient cultures. Obsidian is easily worked into shapes with razor-sharp edges even sharper than the edges formed from flint and was thus used in the production of simple hunting weapons. It can also be polished to an extremely hight luster and was thus held in a high regard in a number of cultures as a semiprecious stone in jewelry and other embellishments.

47. What is stated in the passage about obsidian?

• It results from rapidly cooling magma
• It is crystalline
• It is a sedimentary rock
• It has a dull finish

48. The word 'sites' in line 8 is closest in meaning to ...

• layers
• pieces
• places
• distances

49. It can be inferred from the passage that obsidian would least likely have been used to make

• a spear
• a ring
• a belt
• an arrowhead

50. Where in the passage does the author discuss the variety of colors in which obsidian is found?

• Lines 1-3
• Lines 5-7
• Lines 8-9
• Lines 17-19

    In the philosophy of Johy Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between intelligence and reasoning. According to Dewey, intelligence is the only absolute way to achieve a balance between realism and idealism, between practically and wisdom of life. Intelligence involves "interacting with other things and knowing them", while reasoning is merely the of an observer, " .... a mind that beholds or grasps objects outside the world of things - "With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through intelligence that control is taken of events that shape one's life.

51. What is the topic of this passage?

• The intelligence of John Dewey
• Distinctions made by John Dewey
• Dewey's ideas on the ability to reason
• How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey's works

    If asked who invented the game of baseball, most Americans would probably reply that it was their belief that Abner Doubleday did. They believe this because the story Line about Doubleday is part of the tradition of baseball.

    Doubleday was given credit for this invention early in the twentieth century when sporting-goods manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the question of who invented baseball. In 1908, a report was published by the commission in which Abner Doubleday, a U.S. Army officer from Cooperstown, New York, was given credit for the invention of the game. The National Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in honor of Doubleday.

    Today, most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday really did not have much to do with the development of baseball. Instead, baseball seems to be a close relative of the English game of rounders and probably has English rather than America roots.

52. In this passage .......

• an idea is presented and then refused
• a concept is followed by examples
• a cause is followed by an effect
• a belief is supported with reasons

    Fort Knox, Kentuckly, is the site of a U.S. army post, but it is even more renowned for the Fort Knox Bullion Depository, the massive vault that contains the bulk of the U.S. government's gold deposites. Completed in 1936, the vault is housed in a two-story building constructed of granite, steel, and concrete; the vault itself is made of steel and concrete and has a door that weights more than twenty tons. Naturally, the most up-to-date security devices available are in place at Fort Knox, and the army post nearby provides further protection.

53. Which of the following best describes the topic of the passage?

• The city of Fort Knox, Kentucky
• The federal gold depository-
• The U.S. army post at Fort Knox
• Gold bullion

54. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?

• The Massive Concrete Vault
• Fort Knox Security
• Where the United States Keeps Its Gold-
• A Visit to Kentucky

    Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia that was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the beginning, the colony at Williamsburg was named Middle Plantation because of its location in the middle of a peninsula between two rivers, the York and the James. The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes.

55. The passage indicates that Jamestown

• was settled in 1633
• was settled twenty-six years after Williamsburg
• was the first permanent English colony in America-
• was originally named Middle Plantation

    In English, there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The word gadget is on Line such word. It was first used by British sailors in the 1850s and probably came from the French word gachette, which was a small hook. In everyday use, the word has a more general meaning. Other words are also used to give a name to something unnamed or unknown, and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Some of the more commonly used expressions are a what-d'ye-call-it, a whatsis, a thingamabob, a thingamabob, a doodad, or a doohickey.

56. Which of the following is NOT true about the word gadget?

• It is used to name something when the name is not known
• It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century-
• It most likely came from a word in the French language
• Its first known use was by British sailors

    Blood plasma is a clear, almost colorless liquid. It consists of blood from which the red and white blood cells have been removed. It is often used in transfusions because a patient generally needs the plasma portion of the blood more than the other components. Plasma differs in several important ways from whole blood. First of all, plasma can be the right blood group, as whole blood does. In addition, plasma can be dried and stored, while whole blood cannot.

57. All of the following are true about blood plasma EXCEPT that ....

• it is a deeply colored liquid-
• blood cells have been taken out of it
• patients are often transfused with it
• it is generally more important to the patient than other parts of whole blood

58. Which of the following is NOT stated about whole blood?

• It is different from plasma
• It cannot be dried
• It is impossible to keep it in storage for a long time
• It is a clear, colorless liquid-

    Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus flytrap, are generally found in humid areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids to obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways. The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; when an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught up in the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-flytrap function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect.

59. The pronoun They in line 5 refers to ......

• humid areas
• these plants
• insects
• digestive fluids

    The full moon that occurs nearest the equinox of the Sun has become known as the harvest moon. It is a bright moon which allows farmers to work late into the night for several nights; they can work when the moon is at its brightest to bring in the fall harvest. The harvest moon, of Line course, occurs at different times of the year in the northern and southern hemispheres. In the (5) northern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in September at the time of the autumnal equinox. In the southern hemisphere, the harvest moon occurs in March at the time of the vernal equinox.

60. The pronoun 'it' in line 1 refers to ....

• the equinox
• the Sun
• the harvest moon
• the night

61. The pronoun 'THEY' in line 2 refers to .....

• The moon
• Farmers
• The bright moon
• The night

    The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels a, e, i, o, u and the seven consonants h, k, l, m, n, p, w. Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than they do in English. This musical-sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands. Most Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is liberally spiced with words and expressions from the traditional language of the culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression and may be referred to as a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island. The visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited afterwards to dance the hula.

62. Which of the following is probably NOT a Hawaiian word?

• mahalo
• mahimahi
• meklea
• moana

    Another myth of the oceans concerns Davy Jones, who in folklore is a mean-spirited sovereign of the ocean's depths. The name 'Jones' is thought by some etymologists to have been derived from the name 'Jonah', the Hebrew prophet who spent three days in a whales' belly.

    According to tradition, any object that goes overboard and sinks to the bottom of the ocean is said to have gone to Davy Jone's locker, the ocean-sized, mythical receptacle for anything that falls into the water. Needless to say, any sailor on the seas is not so eager to take a tour of Davy Jone's locker, although it might be a rather interesting trip considering all the treasures located there.

63. The paragrapah preceding this passage most probably discusses ...

• the youth of Davy Jones
• Davy Jones's career as a sailor
• a different traditional story from the sea
• preparing to travel on the ocean

    Lincoln's now famous Gettysburg Address was not, on the occasion of its delivery, recognized as the masterpiece that it is today. Lincoln was even the primary speaker at the ceremonies, held at the height of the Civil War in 1863, to dedicate the battlefield at Gettysburg. The main speaker was orator Edward Everett, whose two-hour speech was followed by Lincoln's shorter remarks. Lincoln began his small portion of the program with the words that today are immediately recognized by most Americans: "Fours score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." At the time of the speech, little notice was given to what Lincoln had said, and Lincoln considered his appearance at the ceremonies rather unsuccessful. After his speech appeared in print, appreciation for his words began to grow, and today it is recognized as one of the all-time greatest speeches.

64. The main idea of this passage is that ....

• the Gettysburg Address has always been regarded as a masterpiece
• at the time of its delivery the Gettysburg Address was truly appreciated as a masterpiece
• it was not until after 1863 that Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg took its place in history
• Lincoln is better recognized today than he was at the time of his presidency

65. Which of the following is NOT true about the ceremonies at Gettysburg during the Civil War?

• Everett was the main speaker
• Everett gave a two-hour speech
• Lincoln was the closing speaker of the ceremonies
• Lincoln's speech was longer than Everett's

66. According to the passage, when Lincoln spoke at the Gettysburg ceremonies, .....

• his words were immediately recognized by most Americans
• he spoke for only a short period of time
• he was enthusiastically cheered
• he was extremely proud of his performance

67. When did Lincoln's Gettysburg Address begin to receive public acclaim?

• After it had been published
• Immediately after the speech
• Not until the present day
• After Lincoln received growing recognition

    The most conservative sect of the Mennonite Church is the Order Amish, with 33.000 members living mainly today in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Their lifestyle reflects their belief in the doctrines of separation from the world and simplicity of life. The Amish Line have steadfastly rejected the societal changes that have occured in the previous three hundred years, preferring instead to remain securely rooted in a seventeenth-century lifestyle. They live on farms without radios, televisions, telephones, electric lights, and cars; they dress in plainly styled and colored old-fashioned clothes; and they farm their lands with horses and tools rather than modern farm equipment. They have a highly communal form of living, with barn raisings and quilting bees as commonplace activities.

68. The paragraph preceding this passage most probably discusses ....

• other, more liberal sects of Mennonites
• where Mennonites live
• the communal Amish lifestyle
• the most conservative Mennonites

69. Which of the following would probably NOT be found on an Amish farm?

• A hammer
• A cart
• A long dress
• A refrigerator

70. It can be inferred from the passage that a quilting bee ....

• involves a group of people
• is necessary when raising bees
• always follows a barn raising
• provides needed solitude

71. Which of the following is most likely the topic of the paragraph following the passage?

• The effects of the communal lifestyle on the Old Order Amish
• How the Old Order Amish differ from the Mennonites
• The effect of modern technology on the Old Order Amish
• The doctrines of the Old Order Amish

    One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century is behaviorism - the belief the that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than conscious or unconscious thought, which is not. Probably the best-known proponent of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who is famous for his research on how positive and negative reinforcement influence behavior. He came to believe that positive reinforcement such as praise, food, or money were more effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or punishment.

72. In 'behaviorism' in line 1, a psychologist is concerned with .....

• conscious thought patterns
• unconscious thought patterns
• observable actions
• unobservable actions

    Ring Lardner was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family. For the bulk of his career, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South Bend, Boston, St. Louis, and Chicago. However, it is for his short stories of lower middle-class Americans that Ring Lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the language and the ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled words, gramatical errors, and incorrect diction that typified the language of the lower middle class.

73. The word 'vividly' in line 3 is closest in meaning to .....

• in a cultured way
• in a correct way
• in a lifelike way
• in a brief way

    Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo was a Portuguese-born explorer who is credited with the exploration of the coast of what is today the state of California. Sketchy military records from the period show that early in his career he served with the Spanish army from 1520 to 1524 in Spain's quest for subjugation of the people in what are today Cuba, Mexico, and Guatemala. Little is known of his activities over the next decades, but apparently he succeeded in rising up through the ranks of the military; in 1541, he was ordered by Antonio de Mendoza, the Spanish ruler of Mexico, to explore the western coast of North America. Cabrillo set out in June of 1542 in command of two ships, the San Salvador and the Victoria; he reached San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and claimed the terrain for Spain. The peninsula where he landed is today named Cabrillo Point in his honor; the area has been established as a national monument and park, and local residents each year hold a celebration and reenactment of Cabrillo's landing.

    From San Diego, Cabrillo continued northward for further exploration of the spectacular California coastline. By November 1542, he had reached as far north as San Fracisco Bay, although he missed the entrance of the bay due to a huge storm. Soon after, with the approach of winter, he veered south and turned back to Mexico. He made it as far south as the Channel Islands off the coast of what is today Santa Barbara. Cabrilo, who died on San Miguel Island the Channel Islands, never made it back to Mexico.

74. The word 'subjugation' in line 5 is closest in meaning to .....

• religion
• flag
• control
• agreement

75. Look at the word decades; in paragraph 1. This word is closest in meaning to .....

• months
• centuries
• long epoch
• ten-year periods

76. In line 12, the word 'terrain' is closest in meaning to ......

• land
• population
• minerals
• prosperity

    In a government election, the incumbent generally has a strong advantage over a newcomer. A person who is already in office and thus has a certain degree of prominence has a better chance of being elected than does someone who is unknown to the electorate. History has shown a strong proclivity in elections at all levels of government to return the incumbent to office.

77. An 'incumbent' in line 1 is most likely ....

• a special type of election
• a political party
• a beneficial comment
• a current office-holder

    Faced with serious threats to its future, the company is taking steps to improve its outlook. The company has brought in a new crop of trainees to staff some of its empty positions. In addition, the company has created a new committee to research various proposals and has appointed a key member of its management team to chair the committee.

78. The word 'steps' in line 1 could best be replaced by .......

• stairs
• walks
• actions
• footprints

    Cardamom is not as widely used as a spice in the United States as it is in other parts of the world. This fruit of the ginger plant provides an oil that basically has been used solely as a stimulant in American and English medicines. Other cultures have recognized the multipurpose benefits of this aromatic fruit. In Asia it is used to season sauces such as curry; in Middle Eastern countries it is steeped to prepare a flavorful, golden-colored tea; in parts of Northern Europe it is used as a spice in various types of pastry.

79. What word in the passage that could best be replaced by 'only'

• spice
• solely
• stimulant
• steeped

80. The word 'multipurpose' in line 7 is closest in meaning to ....

• health
• singular
• recognized
• varied

81. Which the following is closest in meaning to the word 'season' in line 9?

• Divide
• Forecast
• Spice
• Put a time limit

82. Look at the word curry in the passage. Curry is .....

• the fruit of the ginger plant
• a spicy type of sauce
• a culture in the area of the Middle East
• a type of golden-colored tea

    Meteor Crater, a great crater approximately forty miles east of Flagstaff, Arizona, is generally thought by scientists to have formed as a result of the impact of a 60.000-ton meteor about 50.000 years ago. The meteor, made of nickel and iron, disintegrated on impact and spread half a billion tons of rock over the surface of the land. The massiveness of the meteor can only be imagined from the mammoth size of the crater, which measures a mile in diameter and three miles around the top. The rim of the crater rises more than 150 feet above the plain where the meteor impacted and is visible for more than ten miles on a clear day.

83. Wherein the passage does the author discuss the composition of the meteor?

• Lines 1-2
• Lines 3-4
• Lines 5-6
• Lines 6-7

    Military awards have long been considered symbolic of royalty, and thus when the United States was a young nation just finished with revolution and eager to distance itself from anything tasting of monarchy, there was strong sentiment against military decoration. For a century, from the end of the Revolutionary War until the Civil War, the United States awarded no military honors. The institution of the Medal of Honor in 1861 was a source of great discussion and concern. From the Civil War until World War I, the Medal of Honor was the only military award given by the United States government, and today it is awarded only in the most extreme cases of heroism. Although the United States is still somewhat wary of granting military awards, several awards have been instituted since World War I.

84. The tone of this passage is ....

• angered
• humorous
• outraged
• informational

    The life span of an elephant that dies from natural causes is about sixty-five years. Of course, an elephant can perish from a number of 'unnatural causes'; e.g., it can be killed by hunters, most probably for the valuable ivory in its tusks; it can die from diseases that spread throughout an elephant herd; or it can die from drought or from the lack of food that almost certainly accompanies the inadequate supply of water. If however, an elephant survives these disasters, it falls prey to old age in its mid-sixties. Around this age, the cause of death is attributed to the loss of the final set of molars. When this last set of teeth is gone, the elephant dies from malnutrition because it is unable to obtain adequate nourishment. In old age, elephants tend to search out a final home where there is shade for comfort from the sun and soft vegetation for cushioning; the bones of many old elephants have been found in such places.

85. The word perish in paragraph 1 is closest meaning to ....

• gone
• tusks
• die
• accompany

86. The word 'unnatural' in lie 4 is closest in meaning to .....

• wild
• violent
• domesticated
• abnormal

87. Look at the word drought in paragraph 1. A drought means ....

• a drowning
• a lack of food
• an inadequate supply of water
• an overabundance of animals

88. Which the following could be used to replace the word 'survives' in line 10?

• Rises to
• Succumbs to
• Denies
• Lives through

89. The word molars in paragraph 2 is the closest in meaning to .....

• teeth
• tusk
• ivory
• herd

90. In line 16, 'malnutrition' is used to describe a condition related to ......

• good health
• illness
• poor eating
• dental problems

    Beavers generally live in familiy clusters consisting of six to ten members. One cluster would probably consist of two adults, one male and one female, and four to eight young beavers, or kits. A female beaver gives birth each spring to two to four babies at a time. These baby beavers live with their parents until they are two years old. In the springtime of their second year they are forced out of the family group to make room for the new babies. These two-year-old beavers then procedd to start new family clusters of their own.

91. Where in the passage does the author 3. give the name of a baby beaver?

• Line 1-4
• Line 5-8
• Line 9-11
• Line 12-18

92. Where in the passage does the author indicate why the young beavers must leave their parents' home?

• Line 1-4
• Line 5-8
• Line 9-11
• Lines 12-18

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